use doesn't return a config for you to pass into requests. As long as you are using the same instance, the config would get altered.

  axiosInstance.interceptors.request.use(function (config) {
    
    config.headers.Authorization =  res.data.token;

    return config;
  });

  axiosInstance.get('/User/GetUserByID/0')
  .then(res =>{
    //set user details
  })
  .catch(err =>{
    console.log(err);
  })

First, don't define interceptors within a response handler. That means you'll be adding an interceptor every time you make that request.

Typically you would keep your token state and interceptor separate from other application code. Wherever you created your axiosInstance is a good candidate.

For example...

import axios from "axios"

const axiosInstance = axios.create({
  // ..
})

const token = null // initial state

axiosInstance.interceptors.request.use(async config => {
  if (!token) {
    // note, use a separate axios instance for this request
    const { data } = await axios.post("/auth", dataFromSomewhere)
    token = data.token
  }

  config.headers.Authorization = `Bearer ${token}` // you may need "Bearer" here
  return config
})

Now you can use axiosInstance to make requests and it will transparently resolve your authorisation token if required before continuing.

const printValues = e => {
  axiosInstance.get("/User/GetUserByID/0")
  .then(res =>{
    //set user details
  })
  .catch(err =>{
    console.log(err);
  })
}