You can iterate through the enumeration of A to keep track of the indices and yield the values where they match:

A = [100,200,300,200,400,500,600,400,700,200,500,800]
B = [100,200,200,500,600,200,500]

def get_indices(A, B):
    a_it = enumerate(A)
    for n in B:
        for i, an in a_it:
            if n == an:
                yield i
                break
            
list(get_indices(A, B))
# [0, 1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10]

This avoids using index() multiple times.

You can try something like this. Move over both lists and append the index when they are equal:

A = [100,200,300,200,400,500,600,400,700,200,500,800]

B = [100,200,200,500,600,200,500]

i, j = 0, 0
list_index = []
while j < len(B):
    if B[j] == A[i]:
        list_index.append(i)
        j += 1
    i += 1
print(list_index)

Output:

[0, 1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10]

You can create a list called indices, and get the first index into it. Then iterate rest of the items in B, then take the slice of A from the last index in indices list and get the index of the item, add it to the last index + 1, then append it back to the indices list.

indices = [A.index(B[0])]
for i,v in enumerate(B[1:]):
    indices.append(A[indices[-1]+1:].index(v)+indices[-1]+1)


#indices: [0, 1, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10]