You're trying to make a set of data and text, then call a callback after the set.

There are several ways to obtain this behaviour.

What I would suggest you is to have a state (useState) which include data and text and then listen for the changes of this stage through a useEffect.

export default function App() {
  const [request, setRequest] = useState({data: {}, text: ''});
  const makeRemoteRequest = useCallback(() => console.log({request}),[request]);
  
  useEffect(() => {
    //on mount 
    setRequest({data: {obj:'with data'}, text: 'text'})
  },[])

  useEffect(() => {
    makeRemoteRequest()
  },[request,makeRemoteRequest])
  
  return (
    <div className="App">
      <h1>Hello CodeSandbox</h1>
      <h2>Start editing to see some magic happen!</h2>
    </div>
  );
}

What you can see here, it's a functional component which is:

• setting a state on mount (read comment)
• define a function makeRemoteRequest every time the state request changes through the useCallback hook
• call the function makeRemoteRequest every time the state request or the callback makeRemoteRequest changes through the useEffect hook

EDIT:

import _ from 'lodash';
import { ListItem, SearchBar, Avatar } from 'react-native-elements';
import { getUsers, contains } from './api/index';

function App(props) {

  const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);   
  const [data, setData] = useState([]);
  const [error, setError] = useState(null);
  const [fullData, setFullData] = useState([]);
  const [query, setQuery] = useState();

  useEffect(() => {
    makeRemoteRequest();
  },[query]);

  const makeRemoteRequest = _.debounce(() => {
    setLoading(true);
    getUsers(20, query)
      .then((users) => {
        setLoading(false);
        setData(users);
        setFullData(users);
      })
      .catch((error) => {
        setLoading(false);
      });
  }, 250);

  const handleSearch = (text) => {
    const formattedQuery = text.toLowerCase();
    const data = _.filter(fullData, (user) => {
      return contains(user, formattedQuery);
    });
    setData(data);
    setQuery(text);
  }
};

Actually what you want is to trigger the function makeRemoteRequest, right now that you have to do in order to get it is to make the proper set (which means setQuery), which is going to trigger the useEffect

You can have something like the following.

const [query, setQuery] = useState();
const [data, setData] = useState();

useEffect(() => {
  makeRemoteRequest();
}, [query])

Read more about useEffect here