If I start up a docker container in detached mode using the command:
docker run -d ubuntu
the container immediately exits. docker ps -a yields the output (selected columns shown):
CONTAINER ID IMAGE COMMAND STATUS
245fe871a1e3 ubuntu "/bin/bash" Exited (0) 4 minutes ago
Is it possible to start the same container (container ID 245fe871a1e3) in interactive mode with a terminal session?
I'm afraid there's no such a way to archive this. docker attach and docker exec are working against running container only, but if you docker start the container in your case, it'll exited immediately again because the CMD is /bin/bash.
There's also a discussion about this, post some key info here:
It's not possible to enter a stopped container, because the processes are gone, and therefore, the namespaces are gone as well.