Apparently my root partition was full (maybe I've tried too many times to download packages through apt), and running sudo apt clean solved the issue

I deleted lots of images then it fixed my problem.

I tried again later and it worked.

From https://github.com/docker-library/php/issues/898#issuecomment-539234070:

That usually means the mirror is having issues (possibly partially out of date; i.e. not completely synced from other mirrors) and often clears itself up.

As @Danila and @Andriy pointed out this issue can easily be fixed running:

docker image prune -f
docker container prune -f

but posting this answer, as running just one of them didn't work for me (on MacOS X) - running both however does.

If you're using Docker Desktop, take care of the maximum disk image size you've specified in the settings. It can cause the issue if it gets full during the build.

fixed by

docker image prune -f

looks like docker has a limit on maximum apt cache size on the host system

I had this problem on one of my two machines. Doing a ls -ld /tmp I got

drwxrwxrwt 3 root root 4096 May 15 20:46 /tmp

for the working one and

drwxr-xr-t 1 root root 4096 May 26 05:44 /tmp

for the failing one. After I did chmod 1777 /tmp, it worked!!

EDIT:

So, I dived a little deeper into this problem and realized there was something fundamentally wrong. I put my problems in another question and later found the answer that solved this myself: https://stackoverflow.com/a/62088961/7387935

The key point here is that on the machine that was working correctly I had aufs as storage driver and on the faulty one it was overlay2. After I changed that, all permissions were correct.

Since Docker API v1.25+ ( released: Nov 18, 2019 )

Running the command below fixed the problem for me:

docker system prune --force

The --force flag stands for noninteractive prune.

Additionally, you may want to give a try to the prune volume commands:

docker volume prune --force

For Raspbian, upgrade libseccomp manually on the host system by using:

curl http://ftp.us.debian.org/debian/pool/main/libs/libseccomp/libseccomp2_2.5.1-1_armhf.deb --output libseccomp2_2.5.1-1_armhf.deb
sudo dpkg -i libseccomp2_2.5.1-1_armhf.deb

This resolved my issue.

Original post is here.

I had to run container with --security-opt seccomp:unconfined.

This helps me:

 docker volume prune