I was considering ways to reduce memory footprint, and it is constantly mentioned that a bool takes up more memory than it logically needs to, as a byproduct of processor design.
it is also sometimes mentioned that one could store several bool within an int.
I am wondering if this would actually be more memory efficient?
if we have a usecase where we can use a significant portion of 32 (or 64) bool. and we decide to store all of them in a single int. then on the surface we have saved
7 (bits) * 32 (size of int) = 224 (bits) or 28 (bytes)
but in order to get each of those bits from the int, we needed to use some method of masking such as:
int both directions (int<<x)>>y here we need to load and store x,y which are probably an int, but you could get them smaller depending on the use caseint: int & int2 here we also store an additional int, which is stored and loadedeven if these aren't stored as variables, and they are defined statically within the code, it still ends up using additional memory, as it will increase the memory footprint of the instructions. as well as the instructions for the masking steps.
is there any way to do this that isn't actually worse for memory usage than just taking the hit on 7 wasted bits?
You are describing a text book example of a trade-off.
Yes, several bools in one int is hugeley more memory efficient - in itself.
Yes, you need to spend code to use that.
Yes, for only a few bools (for different values of "few"), the code might take more space than you save.
However, you could look at the kind of memory which is used. In some environments, RAM (which is saved by your idea) is much more expensive than ROM (which has to be paid for your idea).
Also, the price to pay is mostly paid once for implementation and only paid a fraction for using, especially when the using code is reused, e.g. in loops.
Altogether, in case of many bools, you can save more than you pay.
The point of actually saving needs to be determined for the special case.
On the other hand, you have missed on "currency" on the price-tag for the idea. You not only pay in memory, you also pay in execution time. You focused your question on memory, so I won't elaborate here. But for anything time critical, you should take the longer execution time into conisderation. You might find that saving memory is quite achievable with your idea, but the whole thing gets unbearably slow.
Again from the other side, as Eric Postpischil points out in a comment, execution speed can also improve due to cache effects from better memory footprint.
I am wondering if this would actually be more memory efficient?
Potentially yes. Storing multiple bools inside a single object may use less storage compared to having distinct bool object for each, if the number of bools is great enough to offset the cost in memory use of the instructions.
Also consider that there are more considerations than space efficiency. Most typically, people are concerned about time efficiency as well. In this regard, compacting bools may more or less efficient depending on the details of the use case.
is using an integer to store many bool worth the effort?
It can be worth the effort. It can also be counter productive. The difference can be minuscule or significant. Both in terms of time and space efficiency. Most accurate way to find out is to measure it.
It's not necessary to implement this yourself though, since there are solutions in the standard library. std::vector<bool> and std::bitset both implement compact storage of bools. Using bitfields may also be an option (just remember to not rely on the internal representation).