De la documentación del desarrollador, esto se puede lograr de la siguiente manera:

 /** * Using the addMenuProvider() API directly in your Activity **/ class ExampleActivity : ComponentActivity(R.layout.activity_example) { override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState) // Add menu items without overriding methods in the Activity addMenuProvider(object : MenuProvider { override fun onCreateMenu(menu: Menu, menuInflater: MenuInflater) { // Add menu items here menuInflater.inflate(R.menu.example_menu, menu) } override fun onMenuItemSelected(menuItem: MenuItem): Boolean { // Handle the menu selection return true } }) } } /** * Using the addMenuProvider() API in a Fragment **/ class ExampleFragment : Fragment(R.layout.fragment_example) { override fun onViewCreated(view: View, savedInstanceState: Bundle?) { // The usage of an interface lets you inject your own implementation val menuHost: MenuHost = requireActivity() // Add menu items without using the Fragment Menu APIs // Note how we can tie the MenuProvider to the viewLifecycleOwner // and an optional Lifecycle.State (here, RESUMED) to indicate when // the menu should be visible menuHost.addMenuProvider(object : MenuProvider { override fun onCreateMenu(menu: Menu, menuInflater: MenuInflater) { // Add menu items here menuInflater.inflate(R.menu.example_menu, menu) } override fun onMenuItemSelected(menuItem: MenuItem): Boolean { // Handle the menu selection return when (menuItem.itemId) { R.id.menu_clear -> { // clearCompletedTasks() true } R.id.menu_refresh -> { // loadTasks(true) true } else -> false } } }, viewLifecycleOwner, Lifecycle.State.RESUMED) }

Fragmentos setHasOptionsMenu en desuso, use setHasOptionsMenu