You can solve this with a cheeky .replaceAll and simple strings instead of regex 🚀

const delimiters = ['Q) ', 'A) ', 'B) ', 'C) ', 'E) '];
const start  = 'Some textC) Some textE) Some text';

let output = start;
for (const str of delimiters) {
  output = output.replaceAll(str, "\n"+str);
}

console.log(output);

The first answer posted gives the simplest and best solution I believe, but here is an example of doing it with a regular expression.

const delimiters = ['Q) ', 'A) ', 'B) ', 'C) ', 'E) ']
const str = 'Some textC) Some textE) Some text';

const pattern = `(?=${delimiters.join('|').replaceAll(')', '\\)')})`;
console.log(`Pattern: "${pattern}"`); 

console.log(str.replace(new RegExp(pattern, 'g'), '\n'));

Note that care should be taken to escape any characters in the delimiters that have special meaning in a regular expression.

Above, I just use .replaceAll(')', '\\)') to escape the ) after joining the delimiters with the regex alternation character | in a positive lookahead (?=alternative1|alternative2|etc) before passing it to the RegExp constructor.

Note also that this method of joining with | would not result in a reliably working regular expression if a delimiter itself contained the | character.