While you can do this with a loop and a collector array, the cleanest way to do it is with map:

let dates = jstable.map(row => row.date);

However, if you need to create arrays for multiple columns, map is not the best function to use because it will have to run through the array multiple times, once for each column you are trying to get.

You can loop through all the elements and get the right attribute.

const jstable = [{"date":"2022-02-08","new_cases":"23100","deaths":"75","recovered":"30294"},{"date":"2022-03-01","new_cases":"25854","deaths":"78","recovered":"25548"}];

function col(array, column){
  let result = [];

  for (let item of array) {
    result.push(item[column]);
  }
  return result;
}

console.log(
  col(jstable, 'date')
);

.as-console-wrapper { min-height: 100%!important; top: 0; }

And col(jstable, 'date') would get you all the date column values.

JSON.parse(jstable).map(row => row.date);

Is this what you're looking for?