While I am trying to understand the high memory problem for 32-bit cpu and Linux, why is there no high-memory problem for 64-bit cpu?
In particular, how is the division of virtual memory into kernel space and user space changed, so that the requirement of high memory doesn't exist for 64-bit cpu?
Thanks.
A 32-bit system can only address 4GB of memory. In Linux this is divided into 3GB of user space and 1GB of kernel space. This 1GB is sometimes not enough so the kernel might need to map and unmap areas of memory which incurs a fairly significant performance penalty. The kernel space is the "high" 1GB hence the name "high memory problem".
A 64-bit system can address a huge amount of memory - 16 EB -so this issue does not occur there.
With 32-bit addresses, you can only address 2^32 bytes of memory (4GB). So if you have more that, you need to address it some special way. With 64-bit addresses, you can address 2^64 bytes of memory without special effort, and that number is way bigger than all the memory that exists on the planet.
That number of bits refers to the word size of the processor. Among other things, the word size is the size of a memory address on your machine. The size of the memory address affects how many bytes can be referenced uniquely. So doing some simple math we find that on a 32 bit system at most 2^32 = 4294967296 memory addresses exist, meaning you have a mathematical limitation to about 4GB of RAM.
However on a 64 bit system you have 2^64 = 1.8446744e+19 memory address available. This means that your computer can theoretically reference almost 20 exabytes of RAM, which is more RAM than anyone has ever needed in the history of computing.