Unfortunately, this is not something you can achieve like that. One way you could achieve that would be to have two tsconfig file.

So basically, the main tsconfig.json would do everything except checkJs and the second one (let's call it tsconfig.typeCheckJs.json) would add the checkJs, notImplicitAny and noEmit.

For example

// tsconfig.json
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "target": "esnext",
    "module": "esnext",
    "moduleResolution": "node",
    "allowJs": true,
    "checkJs": false,
    "strict": true,
    "isolatedModules": true,
    "esModuleInterop": true,
    "skipLibCheck": true,
    "baseUrl": "./",
    "noImplicitAny": true,
    "noImplicitOverride": true,
    "strictNullChecks": true,
    "useUnknownInCatchVariables": true,
    "resolveJsonModule": false,
    "types": ["node"],
    "experimentalDecorators": true,
    "noErrorTruncation": true,
    "composite": true
  },
  "include": [
    "."
  ],
  "exclude": [
    "./node_modules",
    "./build"
  ]
}

and another one

// tsconfig.typeCheckJs.json
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "target": "esnext",
    "module": "esnext",
    "moduleResolution": "node",
    "allowJs": true,
    "checkJs": true,
    "noEmit": true,
    "noEmitHelpers": true,
    "strict": true,
    "isolatedModules": true,
    "esModuleInterop": true,
    "skipLibCheck": true,
    "baseUrl": "./",
    "noImplicitAny": false,
    "noImplicitOverride": true,
    "strictNullChecks": true,
    "useUnknownInCatchVariables": true,
    "resolveJsonModule": false,
    "types": ["node"],
    "experimentalDecorators": true,
    "noErrorTruncation": true,
    "composite": true
  },
  "include": [
    "."
  ],
  "exclude": [
    "./node_modules",
    "./build"
  ]
}

then, you need to update your scripts to something like this:

// package.json
scripts: {
    "build": "./node_modules/.bin/tsc --project tsconfig.typeCheckJs.json && ./node_modules/.bin/tsc"
}

Hope that it is clear, otherwise do not hesitate to ask for clarifications.