I need to clone role from one postgresql database to another. Is it possible to somehow extract role password hash and set it in another database ? I'd like to avoid any clear password manipulation...
If PostgreSQL thinks you're setting the password with an MD5 hash, it stores it directly. From the docs
If the presented password string is already in MD5-encrypted format, then it is stored encrypted as-is, regardless of whether ENCRYPTED or UNENCRYPTED is specified (since the system cannot decrypt the specified encrypted password string). This allows reloading of encrypted passwords during dump/restore.
you can select password from pg_shadow and use it as per docs, as Eavn told. Or you can use pg_dumpall -g which will basically prepare statements to run with md5 passwords eg. at my machine:
CREATE ROLE r;
ALTER ROLE r WITH NOSUPERUSER INHERIT NOCREATEROLE NOCREATEDB LOGIN NOREPLICATION NOBYPASSRLS PASSWORD 'md5514f1b439f404f86f77090fa9edc96ce';