This is a demo on how to transform your input array in the expected output object using javascript:

const input = [
  {
      "id": "47",
      "date": "07/16/2022",
      "text": "ph"
  },
  {
      "id": "46",
      "date": "06/16/2022",
      "text": "ph"
  },
  {
      "id": "45",
      "date": "06/16/2021",
      "text": "ph"
  }
];

const output = {};
//for each object in the input array
for(o of input){
  //parse the year part of the date property
  const year = o.date.substring(6);
  //if the parsed year doesn't exist yet in the output object
  if (!output.hasOwnProperty(year))
    //then add an empty array to the year key in the output object
    output[year] = [];
  //add the current input object to the array bound to the year key in the output object
  output[year].push(o);  
}

console.log( output );

And this is the same logic implemented using php:

https://onlinephp.io/c/87510

<?php

$input = [
  [
      "id" => "47",
      "date" => "07/16/2022",
      "text" => "ph"
  ],
  [
      "id" => "46",
      "date" => "06/16/2022",
      "text" => "ph"
  ],
  [
      "id" => "45",
      "date" => "06/16/2021",
      "text" => "ph"
  ]
];

$output = [];
//for each object in the input array
foreach($input as $o){
  //parse the year part of the date property
  $year = substr($o['date'], 6);
  //if the parsed year doesn't exist yet in the output object
  if (!array_key_exists($year, $output))
    //then add an empty array to the year key in the output object
    $output[$year] = [];
  //add the current input object to the array bound to the year key in the output object
  $output[$year][] = $o;  
}

var_dump( $output );

The PHP version could look like this:

$input =  [
    [
        "id" => "47",
        "date" => "07/16/2022",
        "text" => "ph"
    ],
    [
        "id" => "46",
        "date" => "06/16/2022",
        "text" => "ph"
    ],
    [
        "id" => "45",
        "date" => "06/16/2021",
        "text" => "ph"
    ]
];

$result = [];

foreach ($input as $entry) {
    $date = new DateTime($entry['date']);
    $result[$date->format('Y')][] = $entry;
}

ksort($result);

As asked on Diego's answer I've thrown ksort into the mix as well, which sorts the resulting array by the keys in descending order.