For some, simple thread related code, i.e:

import threading


a = 0
threads = []


def x():
    global a
    for i in range(1_000_000):
        a += 1


for _ in range(10):
    thread = threading.Thread(target=x)
    threads.append(thread)
    thread.start()


for thread in threads:
    thread.join()


print(a)
assert a == 10_000_000

We got different behaviour, based on Python version.

For 3.10, the output is:

❯ python3.10 b.py
10000000

For 3.9, the output is:

❯ python3.9 b.py
2440951
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/romka/t/threads-test/b.py", line 24, in <module>
    assert a == 10_000_000
AssertionError

As we do not acquire any lock, for me, results of 3.9 is obvious and expected. Question is why and how 3.10 got "correct" results, while should not?

I'm review changelog for Python 3.10 and there is no anything related to threads or GIL which can bring such results.